Increase in release of underground CO2 emissions in Italy tied to earthquakes

A team of researchers affiliated with several institutions in Italy has found a possible link between increases in CO₂ emissions from groundwater and earthquake occurrences in Italy’s Apennine Mountains. In their paper published in the journal Science Advances, the group describes their decade-long study of CO₂ emissions in the area and what they learned about them.

Prior research has shown that carbon dioxide in the air can become trapped in rocks—the resulting rocks are known as carbonates.Additionally, the carbon dioxide in those rocks can be released by heat from within the Earth and other tectonic forces. When the carbon is released, it tends to be sequestered in pockets belowground or in underground reservoirs. Carbon that makes its way into such reservoirs quite often ends up in the nearby water table, and can rise to the surface via springs. In this new effort, the researchers studied fluctuations in the amount of carbon dioxide being released from spring water at several sites in the Apennine Mountains near the site of the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake. They did so by collecting samples over the years 2009 to 2018.

As part of their study of the samples they collected, the researchers also looked at seismic data, which, in addition to normal seismic events, also showed occurrences of several small earthquakes. They found that levels of CO₂ emissions from spring water in the area rose when there were earthquakes and then dropped again after the quakes were over. More specifically, they found that when quakes of magnitude 6 or higher struck, CO₂ emission levels rose to an average of 600 metric tons per day. During quiet periods, CO₂ emissions in the same area were typically between 400 and 500 metric tons per day.

The researchers suggest that pressure created by increases in CO₂ gas underground might be the factor setting off the earthquakes. They further suggest that if CO₂ does set off some earthquakes, measuring it might be a way of predicting some of them. They also note that their findings highlight a source of carbon emissions into the atmosphere that needs to be added to global warming models.

2 of deep origin is well correlated with earthquakes occurrence during the last decade. In fact, during 2007-2019, the seismic events (including the destructive events of 2009 and 2016) were accompanied by evident peaks in the amount of deep CO₂ dissolved and transported by the groundwaters in the area. In the diagram FCO2 (t d^-1) indicates the total amount of CO₂ discharged by the large springs in tons per day. Credit: Giovanni Chiodini – INGV (first author)”/>